Name all the layers of the OSI model.

The OSI model consists of seven layers, listed from bottom to top, from physical data transmission to the application layer:

#1. Physical Layer

Transmits raw bits: cables, connectors, signals, frequencies.

#2. Data Link Layer

Works with frames and MAC addresses, provides access to the medium.

#3. Network Layer

Responsible for packet routing and IP addressing.

#4. Transport Layer

Ensures data delivery between hosts (TCP/UDP).

#5. Session Layer

Manages the establishment, maintenance, and termination of sessions.

#6. Presentation Layer

Encryption, compression, data encoding.

#7. Application Layer

The layer of application protocols: HTTP, DNS, SMTP, and others.