How does Abstract Factory promote loose coupling between components?

Abstract Factory promotes loose coupling between components because it fully isolates client code from the concrete classes it works with.

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#1. Separating the client from concrete implementations

The client knows only the abstract factory interface (GUIFactory), not the concrete classes (WinFactory, MacFactory). It accesses the factory through a common interface:

The client does not know or care which exact object will be created: a WindowsButton or a MacButton. This reduces the dependency between components.

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#2. Depending on abstractions, not implementations

The code interacts with product interfaces (Button, Checkbox), not their concrete implementations. If you replace MacFactory with WinFactory, the system keeps working without changes.

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#3. Flexible swapping of product families

You can swap one product family for another simply by passing a new factory, without rewriting the logic. This is achieved through the Dependency Inversion Principle: high-level code depends on abstractions, not on details.

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#4. Localizing changes

If you need to change the implementation of a product (for example, how a button is drawn), that affects only the specific factory and product. The client code stays unchanged - its coupling to the factories is minimal.

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Conclusion: Abstract Factory creates a layer of abstractions between the client and the implementations, which makes the code independent, easy to extend, and less prone to cascading changes.