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The **presentation layer** (or **level of representation**, *presentation layer*) is the top level of layered architecture, responsible for **the system's interaction with the user**.

Its task is to **display data** in a convenient form and **capture input** from the user.

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### Main functions of the presentation layer:

1. **Displaying information** - visualizes data received from the business logic (for example, shows a list of products, a user profile, search results).
2. **Handling input** - accepts the user's actions (clicks, text input, choosing options) and passes them further, to the logic layer.
3. **Validation** - can perform primary data checks (for example, that a field is not empty, that an email's format is correct, and so on).
4. **Connection to the application logic** - does not process business rules, only calls the needed methods of the lower layers (usually through controllers, an API, or services).

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### Presentation layer examples:

- In a **web application** - the HTML/CSS/JS interface, React or Vue components, MVC controllers.
- In a **mobile application** - screens, UI elements, the View-Model in MVVM.
- In a **desktop program** - windows, buttons, forms, data tables.

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### The key idea:

> The presentation layer should not "know" how the business logic or the database is built.
> It only displays the result and passes the user's actions further on

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